Compromiso académico y enfoques de aprendizaje en estudiantes universitarios de distintos momentos del trayecto académico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18861/cied.2025.16.1.3985Palabras clave:
estudiante universitario de primer ciclo, abandono de estudios, aprendizaje, transición secundaria superior-enseñanza superior, rendimientoResumen
El modo en que los estudiantes se comprometen con las actividades académicas y aprenden los contenidos de las distintas asignaturas son aspectos importantes que permiten comprender el fenómeno de la permanencia de los alumnos en el sistema universitario. Es más probable que los estudiantes altamente comprometidos y motivados con el ámbito académico, que emplean adecuadas estrategias de aprendizaje, obtengan buenas calificaciones y permanezcan en la carrera. Si bien la deserción universitaria puede ocurrir en cualquier momento del trayecto académico, este fenómeno es más frecuente durante el primer año de la carrera, donde ocurre la transición del sistema educativo secundario al universitario. Este trabajo analizó las variables de compromiso académico y enfoques de aprendizaje en una muestra de 486 estudiantes de la carrera de Psicología de diferentes momentos del trayecto académico. Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes avanzados presentaron mayor compromiso general y empleo del enfoque estratégico comparado con los ingresantes. También se identificaron dos perfiles de estudiantes, uno con mayor compromiso académico —emocional, cognitivo y conductual— y uso de enfoques de aprendizaje —profundo, superficial y estratégico—, que el otro. También se observó una diferencia significativa en el rendimiento académico a favor de los alumnos con un perfil de mayor compromiso académico y uso de enfoques de aprendizaje. Estos resultados muestran la necesidad de planificar acciones orientadas a promover la permanencia de los estudiantes en el sistema universitario a partir de la mejora del compromiso académico y de acciones docentes que estimulen, sobre todo, el enfoque estratégico de aprendizaje.
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